During the decomposition process, waste releases organic acids that may block the same P adsorption sites in the soil solid phase, thus reducing the fixation of the P in the soil and greatly increasing the availability of P for plants 10. Likewise, there are areas that use organic waste, such as compost sewage sludge, in cultivation 9. Disturbance due to excess P may occur in some regions of intensive cultivation of vegetables when high doses of P are used either in hydroponic cultivation or in greenhouses with excess P fertilization 8.
However, the increase in growth and productivity of this species can be limited by different types of stress, especially abiotic ones, such as nutritional disorders 7.
The States of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais stand out in its cultivation, with an average productivity of 20 and 60 t ha −1 6. In Brazil, this species is important in the market because it is a typical vegetable in the its cuisine 5. In Rwanda, it is the fifth most commercialized vegetable 4. It has economic importance for countries such as Brazil and some African countries 2, such as Uganda, which cultivates this species mainly for commercialization because it is attractive in the local market due to its high nutritional value 3. It has a high nutritional value and a significant amount of antioxidant compounds 1. Scarlet eggplant ( Solanum aethiopicum) is a vegetable of the Solanaceae family. These findings allow us to explain the different Si mechanisms used to reverse the damage caused by P toxicity to plants. At the same time, it decreases oxidative stress and electrolyte leakage by 18% and increases antioxidant compounds (phenols and ascorbic acid by 13% and 50%, respectively), and decreases photosynthetic efficiency and plant growth by 12% (by increasing 23% and 25% of shoot and root dry mass, respectively). We found that P toxicity can be mitigated by supplying Si, which decreases P uptake by 13%, improves C:N homeostasis, and increases iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) use efficiency by 21%, 10%, and 12%, respectively. The excess P in the nutrient solution caused damage to scarlet eggplant growth due to nutritional losses and oxidative stress. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design of two nutritional levels of adequate P (2 mmol L −1 of P) and toxic/excess P (8 to 13 mmol L −1 of P) combined with the absence or presence of nanosilica (2 mmol L −1 Si) in a nutrient solution. We evaluated the nutritional and physiological aspects of plants. This research aims to study the damage caused by P toxicity to scarlet eggplant plants and whether Si can mitigate this toxicity. However, it can be reversed using silicon (Si), although there is a lack of research clarifying its mechanisms of action. Intensive fertilization of vegetables can promote phosphorus (P) toxicity.
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